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Published online before print June 5, 2006

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© by The Society for Leukocyte Biology
Journal of Leukocyte Biology, doi:10.1189/jlb.1105622

Received for publication November 1, 2005.
Revised January 31, 2006.
Accepted for publication April 3, 2006.

Article

Phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) is required for LPS-mediated macrophage activation through CD14

Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle

^@ To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jcuschie{at}u.washington.edu.

	Abstract

Lipid rafts, composed of sphingolipids, are critical to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) assembly during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure, as a result of protein kinase C (PKC)- activation. However, the mechanism responsible for this remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to determine if LPS-induced TLR4 assembly and activation are dependent on the sphingolipid metabolite ceramide produced by phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) or CD14. To study this, THP-1 cells were stimulated with LPS. Selected cells were pretreated with the PC-PLC inhibitor D609, exogenous C₂ ceramide, CD14 neutralizing antibody, or TLR4 neutralizing antibody. LPS led to production of ceramide, phosphorylation of PKC-, and assembly of the TLR4 within lipid rafts. This was followed by activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family and the liberation of cytokines. Pretreatment with D609 or CD14 blockade was associated with attenuated LPS-induced ceramide production, TLR4 assembly on lipid rafts, and cytokine production. Pretreatment with TLR4 blockade did not affect LPS-induced ceramide production but was associated with significant attenuation in cytokine production. Treatment with C₂ ceramide prior to LPS reversed the inhibitory effects induced by D609 but not of CD14 or TLR4 blockade. C₂ ceramide alone induced the activation of PKC- and the assembly of TLR4 but was not associated with cytokine liberation. This study demonstrates that TLR4 assembly and activation following LPS exposure require the production of ceramide by PC-PLC, which appears to be CD14-dependent.

Key Words: ceramide • TLR4 • endotoxin • lipid raft • sphingolipids

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