(Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2001;70:685-690.)
© 2001
by Society for Leukocyte Biology
CD antigens 2001
David Mason*,
Pascale André
,
Armand Bensussan
,
Chris Buckley
,
Curt Civin||,
Edward Clark#,
Masja de Haas**,
Sanna Goyert,
Martin Hadam,
Derek Hart,
Václav Horej
í&||||&,
Stefan Meuer##,
James Morrissey***,
Reinhard Schwartz-Albiez,
Stephen Shaw,
David Simmons,
Mariagrazia Uguccioni||||||,
Ellen van der Schoot**,
Eric Vivier and
Heddy Zola###
* Haematology Department, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford,
Division of Immunity and Infection, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Birmingham, and
&& Celltech R&D Ltd., Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom;
Centre d’Immunologie, INSERM-CNRS de Marseille Luminy, Marseille, and
INSERM Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, Creteil, France;
|| Johns Hopkins Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland;
# Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle;
** Central Laboratory of the Netherlands, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
Laboratory of Molecular Hematology/Division of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University Medical College, Manhasset, New York;
Kinderklinik-Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover, and
## Institut für Immunologie, Ruprecht-Karls Universität and
German Cancer Research Centre, Tumor Immunology, Heidelberg, Germany;
Mater Medical Research Institute, Mater Hospital, South Brisbane, and
### Child Health Research Institute, Women’s & Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia;
|||| Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic;
*** University of Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana;
National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
|||||| Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
Correspondence: Prof. David Y. Mason, Haematology Department, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, U.K. E-mail: david.mason{at}ndcls.ox.ac.uk
 |
ABSTRACT
|
|---|
This paper reviews the Seventh Human Leucocyte
Differentiation Antigen (HLDA7) workshop. Due to the limitations of
"blind" antibody screening, which had been evident at the previous
meeting in 1996, participants at HLDA7 adopted a more selective
approach to the choice of antibodies by identifying new CD
specificities. This resulted in the addition of more than 80 new CD
specificities. Plans for the eighth and subsequent workshops are also
previewed.
Key Words: HLDA workshops • leukocyte molecules
|
THE TRADITION OF HLDA WORKSHOPS
|
|---|
The process of categorizing the antigenic molecules and
epitopes associated with human white blood cells via the collaborative
study of monoclonal antibodies dates back to the early 1980s, when the
first Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigen (HLDA) workshop was held
in Paris. This initial meeting agreed on and listed only 15 of these
molecular entities, but it also created a basis for an international
nomenclature of leukocyte molecules (the CD scheme) and provided a
forum for reporting studies on the function and practical relevance of
these molecules. Six more HLDA meetings have been held since then, the
most recent of which ("HLDA7") convened last year in Harrogate,
United Kingdom. The published proceedings of HLDA7 will be available
later this year [1
].
|
THE SEVENTH HLDA WORKSHOP
|
|---|
Aims and approaches
The Limitations of "Blind" Antibody Screening
It was apparent at HLDA6 (Kobe, Japan, 1996) that the technique of
detecting molecular entities by screening coded panels of monoclonal
antibodies against human cells was obsolete. Antibodies to the most
immunogenic molecules had already been produced, and fewer laboratories
than in the earlier days of this research were prepared to devote
resources to raising new antibodies, because the probability of finding
novel reagents had become increasingly less likely. As a consequence,
many antibodies at the sixth workshop were reagents (submitted by
laboratories that were not equipped to characterize them) that proved
to be of known specificity.
Selection of Antibodies
With these considerations in mind, the seventh workshop adopted a
different approach: instead of screening poorly characterized
antibodies, participants selected (and actively solicited) reagents for
which at least some molecular data were already available. There are a
substantial number of monoclonal antibodies reactive with
leukocyte-associated molecules that do not meet the traditional
criterion for establishing a new CD specificity (i.e., the existence of
at least two independent antibodies of the same specificity). This rule
dates from the first HLDA workshop two decades ago; since then,
biochemical and molecular biological techniques for characterizing the
targets of new antibodies have come to be widely used. Consequently, it
is now considered appropriate to establish a CD designation for a
molecule if its gene has been cloned and at least one specific
monoclonal antibody has been studied in the workshop.
New Workshop Sections
Four new workshop sections were introduced at HLDA7, adding
to the traditional list from previous meetings; those new sections
included dendritic cells, stem/progenitor cells, erythroid cells, and
carbohydrate structures. Although it has been recognized for many years
that monoclonal antibodies reactive with human leukocytes can be
specific for carbohydrate epitopes (e.g., the carbohydrate CD category
CD15 was identified at the first workshop), they had not received
specific attention in any workshop before HLDA7. Although the inclusion
of erythroid molecules might seem out of place in a leukocyte workshop,
it was justified by the number of molecules shared between white and
red blood cells (e.g., cytokine receptors) that hint at unexplored
functions of red cells.
The yield of new CD specificities in the seventh HLDA workshop
The more active approach to the identification of new CD
specificities represents a break with tradition, but the results have
justified the new approach, because well over 80 new entities have been
added to the list. This compares favorably with previous workshops
(which added an average of <30 CD specificities per workshop), and, to
a large extent, avoids the laborious screening in multiple laboratories
of antibodies that prove to be directed against known CD molecules.
Tables 1
and 2
list the new specificities established at the seventh workshop.
Full details will be found in the forthcoming proceedings publication
[1
]. Molecular, functional, and other data can be found
for many of these new specificities at the "Protein Reviews on the
Web" (PROW) web site (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/prow/).
|
THE EIGHTH WORKSHOP
|
|---|
Plans for the eighth workshop are progressing well. The meeting
will convene in Adelaide, Australia, in 2004 under the aegis of Prof.
H. Zola (see http://www.hlda8.org). It is sometimes assumed that the
catalog of surface molecules associated with human hemopoietic cells is
now essentially complete, but there is abundant evidence in the
literature for novel surface molecules that merit study at the next
workshop and that could provide the basis for new CD designations.
Table 3
comprises a list of potential new molecules reported after the
production of monoclonal antibodies and also a more extensive list of
surface molecules identified via gene cloning. In most instances, no
antibodies are available against the putative new leukocyte/endothelial
markers in this latter group. Specific and well-characterized reagents,
whether monoclonal or polyclonal, are needed not only for detecting
these new "virtual" molecules, but also for defining functional
domains, for characterizing three-dimensional protein structure, and
for analyzing protein-protein interactions. Cloning of gene sequences
often reveals multiple members of new or existing molecular families
(e.g., the Toll-like receptors) and might identify surface receptors
that bind more than one ligand or vice versa (e.g., the TALL-1 and
APRIL ligands for transmembrane activator and CAML interacting protein
and BCMA). Furthermore, several leukocyte-associated markers
have been cloned from mice and other species, and almost all will have
human homologues. The eighth workshop will provide a forum for a range
of antibody-based studies relating to this accumulating corpus of
genomic and proteomic data.
As in the seventh workshop in which four new sections were added, it
might be possible to include neuronal cells in the eighth workshop.
Many neuronal cells express cell surface proteins found on leukocytes
and vice versa (e.g., CD56, CD100, CD168, and CD171). Furthermore, the
guidance cues used by neuronal cells share similarities to those
involved in leukocyte extravasation, so the expression of these
molecules in common might reflect shared biological processes. It might
also be noted that other molecules such as the mucins, thought to be
primarily associated with epithelial cells, are now being described on
leukocytes.
Finally, it remains to be established how the eighth and subsequent
HLDA workshops should deal with lineage- or stage-restricted leukocyte
molecules that are localized within the cell cytoplasm (or nucleus).
Given the importance of many of these molecules in signaling pathways
initiated via known surface CD molecules, their identification and
study are an inevitable extension of the work of the first seven HLDA
workshops. Whether a new "intracellular CD" categorization scheme is devised for such molecules, they are of interest for many
laboratories studying human hematopoietic cells, and their
investigation is among the aims of the next workshop.
Received August 2, 2001;
accepted August 4, 2001.
|
REFERENCES
|
|---|
-
Mason, D., André, P., Bensussan, A., Buckley, C., Civin, C., Clark, E., de Haas, M., Goyert, S., Hadam, M., Hart, D., Horejsí, V., Jones, Y., Meuer, S., Morrissey, J., Schwartz-Albiez, R., Shaw, S., Simmons, D., Turni, L., Uguccioni, M., van der Schoot, E., Vivier, E., Zola, H. (eds.) (2002) Leucocyte Typing VII. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. In press.
-
Andre, P., Biassoni, R., Colonna, M., Cosman, D., Lanier, L. L., Long, E. O., Lopez-Botet, M., Moretta, A., Moretta, L., Parham, P., Trowsdale, J., Vivier, E., Wagtrann, N., Wilson, M. J. (2001) New nomenclature for MHC receptors Nat. Immunol. 2,661[Medline]
-
Zeng, L., Takeya, M., Takahashi, K. (1996) AM-3K, a novel monoclonal antibody specific for tissue macrophages and its application to pathological investigation J. Pathol. 178,207-214[Medline]
-
Dzionek, A., Fuchs, A., Schmidt, P., Cremer, S., Zysk, M., Miltenyi, S., Buck, D. W., Schmitz, J. (2000) BDCA-2, BDCA-3, and BDCA-4: three markers for distinct subsets of dendritic cells in human peripheral blood J. Immunol. 165,6037-6046[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
de Marco, M. C., Kremer, L., Albar, J. P., Martinez-Menarguez, J. A., Ballesta, J., Garcia-Lopez, M. A., Marazuela, M., Puertollano, R., Alonso, M. A. (2001) BENE, a novel raft-associated protein of the MAL proteolipid family, interacts with caveolin-1 in human endothelial-like ECV304 cells J. Biol. Chem. 276,23009-23017[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Hock, B. D., Starling, G. C., Daniel, P. B., Hart, D. N. (1994) Characterization of CMRF-44, a novel monoclonal antibody to an activation antigen expressed by the allostimulatory cells within peripheral blood, including dendritic cells Immunology 83,573-581[Medline]
-
Hock, B. D., Fearnley, D. B., Boyce, A., McLellan, A. D., Sorg, R. V., Summers, K. L., Hart, D. N. (1999) Human dendritic cells express a 95 kDa activation/differentiation antigen defined by CMRF-56 Tissue Antigens 53,320-334[Medline]
-
Hirohashi, N., Nakao, M., Kubo, K., Yamada, A., Shichijo, S., Hara, A., Sagawa, K., Itoh, K. (1993) A novel antigen (H47 Ag) on human lymphocytes involved in T cell activation Cell Immunol 152,371-382[Medline]
-
Asanuma, H., Takahashi, S., Ishikawa, M., Kamiguchi, K., Sato, N., Poppema, S., Fujimoto, J. I., Kikuchi, K. (1999) A monoclonal antibody, 3G12, reacts with a novel surface molecule, Hal-1, with high expression in CD30-positive anaplastic large cell lymphomas Br. J. Haematol. 106,55-63[Medline]
-
Zocchi, M. R., Poggi, A., Mariani, S., Gianazza, E., Rugarli, C. (1989) Identification of a new surface molecule expressed by human LGL and LAK cells: production of a specific monoclonal antibody and comparison with other NK/LAK markers Cell Immunol 124,144-157[Medline]
-
Vitale, M., Falco, M., Castriconi, R., Parolini, S., Zambello, R., Semenzato, G., Biassoni, R., Bottino, C., Moretta, L., Moretta, A. (2001) Identification of NKp80, a novel triggering molecule expressed by human NK cells Eur. J. Immunol. 31,233-242[Medline]
-
Roda-Navarro, P., Arce, I., Renedo, M., Montgomery, K., Kucherlapati, R., Fernandez-Ruiz, E. (2000) Human KLRF1, a novel member of the killer cell lectin-like receptor gene family: molecular characterization, genomic structure, physical mapping to the NK gene complex and expression analysis Eur. J. Immunol. 30,568-576[Medline]
-
Bono, P., Salmi, M., Smith, D. J., Jalkanen, S. (1998) Cloning and characterization of mouse vascular adhesion protein-1 reveals a novel molecule with enzymatic activity J. Immunol. 160,5563-5571[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Salmi, M., Jalkanen, S. (1992) A 90-kilodalton endothelial cell molecule mediating lymphocyte binding in humans Science 257,1407-1409[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Greiner, A., Neumann, M., Stingl, S., Wassink, S., Marx, A., Riechert, F., Muller-Hermelink, H. K. (2000) Characterization of Wue-1, a novel monoclonal antibody that stimulates the growth of plasmacytoma cell lines Virchows Arch 437,372-379[Medline]
-
Madry, C., Laabi, Y., Callebaut, I., Roussel, J., Hatzoglou, A., Le Coniat, M., Mornon, J. P., Berger, R., Tsapis, A. (1998) The characterization of murine BCMA gene defines it as a new member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily Int. Immunol. 10,1693-1702[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Shu, H. B., Johnson, H. (2000) B cell maturation protein is a receptor for the tumor necrosis factor family member TALL-1 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97,9156-9161[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Wang, S., Zhu, G., Chapoval, A. I., Dong, H., Tamada, K., Ni, J., Chen, L. (2000) Costimulation of T cells by B7-H2, a B7-like molecule that binds ICOS Blood 96,2808-2813[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Colonna, M., Samaridis, J., Angman, L. (2000) Molecular characterization of two novel C-type lectin-like receptors, one of which is selectively expressed in human dendritic cells Eur. J. Immunol. 30,697-704[Medline]
-
Jackson, D. G., Hart, D. N., Starling, G., Bell, J. I. (1992) Molecular cloning of a novel member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily homologous to the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor Eur. J. Immunol. 22,1157-1163[Medline]
-
Green, B. J., Clark, G. J., Hart, D. N. (1998) The CMRF-35 mAb recognizes a second leukocyte membrane molecule with a domain similar to the poly Ig receptor Int. Immunol. 10,891-899[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Boles, K. S., Mathew, P. A. (2001) Molecular cloning of CS1, a novel human natural killer cell receptor belonging to the CD2 subset of the immunoglobulin superfamily Immunogenetics 52,302-307[Medline]
-
Hartgers, F. C., Vissers, J. L., Looman, M. W., van Zoelen, C., Huffine, C., Figdor, C. G., Adema, G. J. (2000) DC-STAMP, a novel multimembrane-spanning molecule preferentially expressed by dendritic cells Eur. J. Immunol. 30,3585-3590[Medline]
-
Stacey, M., Lin, H. H., Hilyard, K. L., Gordon, S., McKnight, A. J. (2001) Human epidermal growth factor (EGF) module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor 3 is a new member of the EGF-TM7 family that recognizes a ligand on human macrophages and activated neutrophils J. Biol. Chem. 276,18863-18870[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Sawano, A., Iwai, S., Sakurai, Y., Ito, M., Shitara, K., Nakahata, T., Shibuya, M. (2001) Flt-1, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, is a novel cell surface marker for the lineage of monocyte-macrophages in humans Blood 97,785-791[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Oda, T., Morikawa, N., Saito, Y., Masuho, Y., Matsumoto, S. (2000) Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel type of histamine receptor preferentially expressed in leukocytes J. Biol. Chem. 275,36781-36786[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Hatzivassiliou, G., Miller, I., Takizawa, J., Palanisamy, N., Rao, P. H., Iida, S, Tagawa, S, Taniwaki, M, Russo, J, Neri, A, Cattoretti, G, Clynes, R, Mendelsohn, C., Chaganti, R. S., Dalla-Favera, R. (2001) IRTA1 and IRTA2, novel immunoglobulin superfamily receptors expressed in B cells and involved in chromosome 1q21 abnormalities in B cell malignancy Immunity 14,277-289[Medline]
-
Gronlund, J., Vitved, L., Lausen, M., Skjodt, K., Holmskov, U. (2000) Cloning of a novel scavenger receptor cysteine-rich type I transmembrane molecule (M160) expressed by human macrophages J. Immunol. 165,6406-6415[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Elomaa, O., Sankala, M., Pikkarainen, T., Bergmann, U., Tuuttila, A., Raatikainen-Ahokas, A., Sariola, H., Tryggvason, K. (1998) Structure of the human macrophage MARCO receptor and characterization of its bacteria-binding region J. Biol. Chem. 273,4530-4538[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
van der Laan, L. J., Dopp, E. A., Haworth, R., Pikkarainen, T., Kangas, M., Elomaa, O., Dijkstra, C. D., Gordon, S., Tryggvason, K., Kraal, G. () Regulation and functional involvement of macrophage scavenger receptor MARCO in clearance of bacteria in vivo J. Immunol. 162,939-947
-
Xia, X. Z., Treanor, J., Senaldi, G., Khare, S. D., Boone, T., Kelley, M., Theill, L. E., Colombero, A., Solovyev, I., Lee, F., McCabe, S., Elliott, R., Miner, K., Hawkins, N., Guo, J., Stolina, M., Yu, G., Wang, J., Delaney, J., Meng, S. Y., Boyle, W. J., Hsu, H. (2000) TACI is a TRAF-interacting receptor for TALL-1, a tumor necrosis factor family member involved in B cell regulation J. Exp. Med. 192,137-143[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Bouchon, A., Dietrich, J., Colonna, M. (2000) Cutting edge: inflammatory responses can be triggered by TREM-1, a novel receptor expressed on neutrophils and monocytes J. Immunol. 164,4991-4995[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Daws, M. R., Lanier, L. L., Seaman, W. E., Ryan, J. C. (2001) Cloning and characterization of a novel mouse myeloid DAP12-associated receptor family Eur. J. Immunol. 31,783-791[Medline]
TOP
ABSTRACT
THE TRADITION OF HLDA...
