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Published online before print June 12, 2006

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© by The Society for Leukocyte Biology
Journal of Leukocyte Biology, doi:10.1189/jlb.0705409

Received for publication July 23, 2005.
Revised February 18, 2006.
Accepted for publication March 24, 2006.

Article

Halofuginone inhibits NF-B and p38 MAPK in activated T cells

M. Leiba ^*, L. Cahalon , A. Shimoni ^*, O. Lider , A. Zanin-Zhorov , I. Hecht , U. Sela , I. Vlodavsky , and A. Nagler ^*@

*The Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, and Sackler Medical School, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Immunology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel

^@ To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: a.nagler{at}sheba.health.gov.il.

	Abstract

Halofuginone, a low molecular weight plant alkaloid, inhibits collagen 1 (I) gene expression in several animal models and in patients with fibrotic disease, including scleroderma and graft-versus-host disease. In addition, halofuginone has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis and tumor progression. It was demonstrated recently that halofuginone inhibits transforming growth factor- (TGF-), an important immunomodulator. The present study was undertaken to explore the effects of halofuginone on activated T cells. Peripheral blood T cells were activated by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies in the absence and presence of halofuginone and assessed for nuclear factor (NF)-B activity, production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-) and interferon- (IFN-), T cell apoptosis, chemotaxis, and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). A delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) model was applied to investigate the effect of halofuginone on T cells in vivo. Preincubation of activated peripheral blood T cells with 10-40 ng/ml halofuginone resulted in a significant dose-dependent decrease in NF-B activity (80% inhibition following incubation with 40 ng halofuginone, P=0.002). In addition, 40 ng/ml halofuginone inhibited secretion of TNF-, IFN-, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and TGF- (P<0.005). Similarly, halofuginone inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and apoptosis in activated T cells (P=0.0001 and 0.005, respectively). In contrast, T cell chemotaxis was not affected. Halofuginone inhibited DTH response in mice, indicating suppression of T cell-mediated inflammation in vivo. Halofuginone inhibits activated peripheral blood T cell functions and proinflammatory cytokine production through inhibition of NF-B activation and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. It also inhibited DTH response in vivo, making it an attractive immunomodulator and anti-inflammatory agent.

Key Words: TGF- • TNF-

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