Published online before print September 9, 2008

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(Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2008;84:1540-1548.)
© 2008 by Society for Leukocyte Biology

Blocking T_H17-polarizing cytokines by histone deacetylase inhibitors in vitro and in vivo

Daniela Bosisio^*, Marisa Vulcano, Annalisa Del Prete^,, Marina Sironi, Valentina Salvi^*, Laura Salogni^*, Elena Riboldi^*, Flavio Leoni, Charles A. Dinarello^¶, Giampiero Girolomoni^|| and Silvano Sozzani^*,1

^* Section of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy;
Istituto Clinico Humanitas (IRCCS), Rozzano, Italy;
Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Bari, Bari, Italy;
Centro Ricerche Italfarmaco, Italfarmaco S.p.A., Cinisello Balsamo, Italy;
^¶ University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA; and
^|| Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Biomedical and Surgical Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

¹ Correspondence: Section of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy. E-mail: sozzani{at}med.unibs.it

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are small molecules inducing cell-cycle arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis, currently undergoing clinical trials as anticancer drugs. In addition, emerging evidence suggests HDAC inhibitors may have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties as well, although the molecular mechanisms remain poorly defined. Given the central role of dendritic cells (DC) in the induction and maintenance of the inflammatory and immune response, we investigated the effects of HDAC inhibitors on the maturation and activation of human monocyte-derived DC in the presence of LPS and IFN-. Our results show that the production of T_H1- and T_H17-inducing cytokines, namely IL-12 and IL-23, was inhibited by trichostatin A (72% and 52%, respectively) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (86% and 83%). Strikingly, HDAC inhibitors were effective if added simultaneously as well as after the proinflammatory challenge, and their effect was not associated to a reduction of expression or function of LPS/IFN- receptors. These findings were confirmed in two different murine models. In addition, HDAC inhibitors selectively blocked the production of T_H1-attracting chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11. The reduction of T_H1- and T_H17-inducing cytokines as well as T_H1-attracting chemokines may represent relevant mechanisms through which HDAC inhibitors at nonproapoptotic doses exert their immunomodulatory properties.

Key Words: dendritic cells • T_H1/T_H2 cells • chemokines • autoimmunity

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