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Originally published online as doi:10.1189/jlb.0108017 on May 29, 2008

Published online before print May 29, 2008
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(Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2008;84:468-476.)
© 2008 by Society for Leukocyte Biology

Commensal bacteria trigger a full dendritic cell maturation program that promotes the expansion of non-Tr1 suppressor T cells

Nobuyasu Baba*, Sandrine Samson{dagger}, Raphaëlle Bourdet-Sicard{dagger}, Manuel Rubio* and Marika Sarfati*,1

* Immunoregulation Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal Research Center, University of Montréal, Québec, Canada; and
{dagger} Danone Research, Palaiseau, France

1 Correspondence: Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Laboratoire Immunorégulation (M4211K), 1560, rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2L 4M1. E-mail: m.sarfati{at}umontreal.ca

Dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate the immune response establishing immunity versus tolerance. These two opposite functions may be dictated by DC maturation status with maturity linked to immunogenicity. DCs directly interact with trillions of noninvasive intestinal bacteria in vivo, a process that contributes to gut homeostasis. We here evaluated the maturation program elicited in human DCs by direct exposure to commensal-related bacteria (CB) in the absence of inflammatory signals. We showed that eight gram+ and gram– CB strains up-regulated costimulatory molecule expression in DCs and provoked a chemokine receptor switch similar to that activated by gram+ pathogens. CB strains may be classified into three groups according to DC cytokine release: high IL-12 and low IL-10; low IL-12 and high IL-10; and low IL-12 and IL-10. All CB-treated DCs produced IL-1β and IL-6 and almost no TGF-β. Yet, CB instructed DCs to convert naive CD4+ T cells into hyporesponsive T cells that secreted low or no IFN-{gamma}, IL-10, and IL-17 and instead, displayed suppressor function. These data demonstrate that phenotypic DC maturation combined to an appropriate cytokine profile is insufficient to warrant Th1, IL-10-secreting T regulatory Type 1 (Tr1), or Th17 polarization. We propose that commensal flora and as such, probiotics manipulate DCs by a yet-unidentified pathway to enforce gut tolerance.

Key Words: probiotics • IL-12 • IL-10 • suppressive T cells • tolerance • Foxp3




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