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Published online before print September 22, 2006
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* Angiogenesis Laboratory, Research Institute for Growth and Development (GROW), Department of Pathology, Maastricht University and University Hospital, and
Laboratory for Microcirculation, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
South West Wales Cancer Institute, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK
1 Correspondence: Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands. E-mail: aw.griffioen{at}path.unimaas.nl
The role of a tumor immune infiltrate in cancer progression and metastasis has been debated frequently. Although often considered to be associated with improved prognosis and leading to the enhanced survival of cancer patients, inflammatory cells have also been described to assist the tumor’s capabilities to progress, proliferate, and metastasize. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), for example, have been shown to be symbiotically related to tumor cells: Tumor cells recruit TAMs and provide them with survival factors, and TAMs in turn produce a variety of angiogenic factors in response to the tumor microenvironment. This review will describe the composition of an immune infiltrate in tumors and the angiogenic and angiostatic properties of the cells present. Special emphasis will be on the angiogenesis-associated activities of TAMs. The development of immunotherapy and gene therapy using TAMs to mediate tumor cytotoxicity or to deliver gene constructs will be discussed as well. As immunotherapy has so far not been as effective as anticipated, a combination therapy in which angiostatic agents are used as well is put forward as a novel strategy to treat cancer.
Key Words: leukocyte • immunotherapy
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