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Published online before print May 30, 2006
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receptor engagement in human monocytes: association of CCL1 with a distinct form of M2 monocyte activation (M2b, Type 2)
,1
,1,2
* Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy;
Institute of General Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Milan, Italy;
BioXell, Milan, Italy;
II Division of Pediatrics, University of Genoa, Italy;
¶ Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Italy;
|| DLaboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium; and
** Department of Biotechnology, Division of General Pathology and Immunology, University of Brescia, Italy
2Correspondence: Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Via Manzoni, 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy. E-mail: alberto.mantovani{at}humanitas.it
CC chemokine ligand 1 (CCL1; I-309) is a CC chemokine that interacts with CC chemokine receptor 8, which is preferentially expressed in polarized T helper cell type 2 and Tc2 cells, in eosinophils, and in T regulatory cells. The present study, prompted by transcriptional profiling of human monocytes undergoing different forms of activation, was designed to characterize the production of CCL1 in monocytes compared with the production of other chemokines (CCL2, CCL22, and CCL18) differentially regulated by distinct activation signals. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interferon-
(IFN-), interleukin (IL)-1ß, tumor necrosis factor 
, IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, IL-6, IL-18, and combinations thereof did not induce CCL1 production in monocytes, and some of these signals stimulated production of reference chemokines. Induction of CCL1 in monocytes required engagement of Fc receptor for immunoglobulin G (FcR)II and exposure to IL-1ß or LPS. This combination of stimuli results in a form of M2 (M2b, Type 2) macrophage activation. FcR engagement also induced CCL22 and amplified its stimulation by IL-4. In contrast, FcR stimulation inhibited the IL-10- and LPS-mediated induction of CCL18. IL-10, IL-4, and IFN- inhibited induction of CCL1 by FcR ligation and IL-1ß. CCL1 was present in synovial fluids and macrophages in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Thus, regulation of CCL1 in human monocytes is unique, with an obligate requirement of FcR engagement and costimulation by signals (IL-1ß and LPS), which use the myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 adaptor protein. Thus, CCL1 is a CC chemokine with a unique pattern of regulation associated with a distinct form of M2 (Type 2, M2b) monocyte activation, which participates in macrophage-dependent regulatory circuits of innate and adaptive immunity.
Key Words: IL-1 • MyD88 • CCR8 • Th2
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