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Originally published online as doi:10.1189/jlb.0603252 on October 2, 2003

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(Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2004;75:163-189.)
© 2004 by Society for Leukocyte Biology

Interferon-{gamma}: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions

Kate Schroder*,{dagger}, Paul J. Hertzog{dagger},{ddagger}, Timothy Ravasi*,{dagger} and David A. Hume*,{dagger},1

* Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia;
{dagger} CRC for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
{ddagger} Molecular Genetics Group, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

1 Correspondence: Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia. E-mail: D.Hume{at}imb.uq.edu.au

Interferon-{gamma} (IFN-{gamma}) coordinates a diverse array of cellular programs through transcriptional regulation of immunologically relevant genes. This article reviews the current understanding of IFN-{gamma} ligand, receptor, signal transduction, and cellular effects with a focus on macrophage responses and to a lesser extent, responses from other cell types that influence macrophage function during infection. The current model for IFN-{gamma} signal transduction is discussed, as well as signal regulation and factors conferring signal specificity. Cellular effects of IFN-{gamma} are described, including up-regulation of pathogen recognition, antigen processing and presentation, the antiviral state, inhibition of cellular proliferation and effects on apoptosis, activation of microbicidal effector functions, immunomodulation, and leukocyte trafficking. In addition, integration of signaling and response with other cytokines and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as tumor necrosis factor-{alpha}, interleukin-4, type I IFNs, and lipopolysaccharide are discussed.

Key Words: macrophage • cytokine • lipopolysaccharide • Toll-like receptor • inflammation




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K. M.A. Rogers, M. Thomas, L. Galligan, T. R. Wilson, W. L. Allen, H. Sakai, P. G. Johnston, and D. B. Longley
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IFN-{gamma} Induces Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor 2 Expression and Enhances the Responsiveness of Human Endothelial Cells to Cysteinyl Leukotrienes
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HypertensionHome page
K. Kusaba, H. Kai, M. Koga, N. Takayama, A. Ikeda, H. Yasukawa, Y. Seki, K. Egashira, and T. Imaizumi
Inhibition of Intrinsic Interferon-{gamma} Function Prevents Neointima Formation After Balloon Injury
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BloodHome page
B. Becknell, T. L. Hughes, A. G. Freud, B. W. Blaser, J. Yu, R. Trotta, H. C. Mao, M. L. Caligiuri de Jesus, M. Alghothani, D. M. Benson Jr, et al.
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Cutting Edge: IFN-{gamma}-Producing CD4 T Lymphocytes Mediate Spore-Induced Immunity to Capsulated Bacillus anthracis
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Type I IFN Signaling Is Crucial for Host Resistance against Different Species of Pathogenic Bacteria
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K. Ramsauer, M. Farlik, G. Zupkovitz, C. Seiser, A. Kroger, H. Hauser, and T. Decker
Distinct modes of action applied by transcription factors STAT1 and IRF1 to initiate transcription of the IFN-{gamma}-inducible gbp2 gene
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D. Vremec, M. O'Keeffe, H. Hochrein, M. Fuchsberger, I. Caminschi, M. Lahoud, and K. Shortman
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Human rhinovirus induces robust IP-10 release by monocytic cells, which is independent of viral replication but linked to type I interferon receptor ligation and STAT1 activation
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Mycobacterium avium-induced SOCS contributes to resistance to IFN-{gamma}-mediated mycobactericidal activity in human macrophages
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Evidence for licensing of IFN-{gamma}-induced IFN regulatory factor 1 transcription factor by MyD88 in Toll-like receptor-dependent gene induction program
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Pathogenesis of West Nile Virus Infection: a Balance between Virulence, Innate and Adaptive Immunity, and Viral Evasion
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Dual Ligand Stimulation of RAW 264.7 Cells Uncovers Feedback Mechanisms That Regulate TLR-Mediated Gene Expression
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Toxicol SciHome page
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The Common Insecticides Cyfluthrin and Chlorpyrifos Alter the Expression of a Subset of Genes with Diverse Functions in Primary Human Astrocytes
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(5R)-5-Hydroxytriptolide Attenuated Collagen-Induced Arthritis in DBA/1 Mice via Suppressing Interferon-{gamma} Production and Its Related Signaling
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