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B activation by G-protein-coupled receptors
Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
Correspondence: Dr. Richard D. Ye, Department of Pharmacology, MC868 University of Illinois, College of Medicine, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612-7343. E-mail: yer{at}uic.edu
Accumulating evidence indicates that G-protein-coupled receptors
(GPCRs) play an active role in transcriptional regulation. In
leukocytes, activation of receptors for several chemokines and classic
chemoattractants has been associated with enhanced expression of
proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. GPCRs in endothelial and
epithelial cells also regulate transcription and contribute to the
expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and growth factors that
are essential for extravasation of leukocytes and tissue repair.
Nuclear factor (NF)
B is one of the most important transcription
factors responsible for the expression of these proinflammatory genes.
Recent studies have shown that GPCRs utilize several different pathways
to activate NF-
B. These pathways differ from the ones induced by
classic cytokines in that they are initiated by heterotrimeric
G-proteins, but they converge to I
B phosphorylation and nuclear
translocation/modification of the NF-
B proteins. GPCR-induced
NF-
B activation provides an effective means for local expression of
cytokine and growth factor genes due to the wide distribution of these
receptors. Chemokine-induced, GPCR-mediated production of chemokines
constitutes an autocrine regulatory mechanism for the growth of certain
malignant tumors and enhances the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of
inflammation.
Key Words: gene expression transcription factors NF-
B signal transduction
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