* The Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Massachusetts, and
Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado
Correspondence: Dr. Matthew J. Fenton, Pulmonary Center R-220, Boston University School of Medicine, 80 East Concord St., Boston MA 02118-2394. E-mail: mfenton{at}bu.edu
We previously reported that gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide
(LPS) activates cells via Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, whereas the
mycobacterial cell wall glycolipid lipoarabinomannan (LAM) activates
cells via TLR2. We also identified a secreted TLR2 agonist activity in
short-term culture filtrates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
bacilli, termed soluble tuberculosis factor (STF). Here we show that
STF contains mannosylated phosphatidylinositol (PIM) and that purified
PIM possesses TLR2 agonist activity. Stimulation of RAW 264.7
macrophages by LPS, LAM, STF, and PIM rapidly activated nuclear factor
(NF)-
B, activator protein-1 (AP-1), and mitogen-activated protein
(MAP) kinases. These TLR agonists induced similar levels of NF-B and
AP-1 DNA-binding activity, as well as trans-activation
function. Unexpectedly, these TLR agonists induced tumor necrosis
factor 
secretion, whereas only LPS was capable of inducing
interleukin-1ß and nitric oxide secretion. Thus, different TLR
proteins are still capable of activating distinct cellular responses,
in spite of their shared capacities to activate NF-B, AP-1, and MAP
kinases.
Key Words: signal transduction • tuberculosis • innate immunity
Related Articles
J. Leukoc. Biol. 2007 81: 369-371.
J. Leukoc. Biol. 2006 79: 1-3.
J. Leukoc. Biol. 2005 77: 1-2.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  S. Ribes, S. Ebert, D. Czesnik, T. Regen, A. Zeug, S. Bukowski, A. Mildner, H. Eiffert, U.-K. Hanisch, S. Hammerschmidt, et al. Toll-Like Receptor Prestimulation Increases Phagocytosis of Escherichia coli DH5{alpha} and Escherichia coli K1 Strains by Murine Microglial Cells Infect. Immun., January 1, 2009; 77(1): 557 - 564. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Wang, S. Wu, X. Jin, M. Li, S. Chen, J. L. Teeling, V. H. Perry, and J. Gu Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene-I Mediates Late Phase Induction of TNF-{alpha} by Lipopolysaccharide J. Immunol., June 15, 2008; 180(12): 8011 - 8019. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Nigou, T. Vasselon, A. Ray, P. Constant, M. Gilleron, G. S. Besra, I. Sutcliffe, G. Tiraby, and G. Puzo Mannan Chain Length Controls Lipoglycans Signaling via and Binding to TLR2 J. Immunol., May 15, 2008; 180(10): 6696 - 6702. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Schaefer, N. Reiling, C. Fessler, J. Stephani, I. Taniuchi, F. Hatam, A. O. Yildirim, H. Fehrenbach, K. Walter, J. Ruland, et al. Decreased Pathology and Prolonged Survival of Human DC-SIGN Transgenic Mice during Mycobacterial Infection J. Immunol., May 15, 2008; 180(10): 6836 - 6845. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. N. Wedlock, M. Denis, G. F. Painter, G. D. Ainge, H. M. Vordermeier, R. G. Hewinson, and B. M. Buddle Enhanced Protection against Bovine Tuberculosis after Coadministration of Mycobacterium bovis BCG with a Mycobacterial Protein Vaccine-Adjuvant Combination but Not after Coadministration of Adjuvant Alone Clin. Vaccine Immunol., May 1, 2008; 15(5): 765 - 772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. J. Weiss, C. D. Souza, O. A. Evanson, M. Sanders, and M. Rutherford Bovine monocyte TLR2 receptors differentially regulate the intracellular fate of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium J. Leukoc. Biol., January 1, 2008; 83(1): 48 - 55. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Bhatnagar, K. Shinagawa, F. J. Castellino, and J. S. Schorey Exosomes released from macrophages infected with intracellular pathogens stimulate a proinflammatory response in vitro and in vivo Blood, November 1, 2007; 110(9): 3234 - 3244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Doz, S. Rose, J. Nigou, M. Gilleron, G. Puzo, F. Erard, B. Ryffel, and V. F. J. Quesniaux Acylation Determines the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent Positive Versus TLR2-, Mannose Receptor-, and SIGNR1-independent Negative Regulation of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines by Mycobacterial Lipomannan J. Biol. Chem., September 7, 2007; 282(36): 26014 - 26025. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bhatnagar and J. S. Schorey Exosomes Released from Infected Macrophages Contain Mycobacterium avium Glycopeptidolipids and Are Proinflammatory J. Biol. Chem., August 31, 2007; 282(35): 25779 - 25789. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. E. Medvedev, W. Piao, J. Shoenfelt, S. H. Rhee, H. Chen, S. Basu, L. M. Wahl, M. J. Fenton, and S. N. Vogel Role of TLR4 Tyrosine Phosphorylation in Signal Transduction and Endotoxin Tolerance J. Biol. Chem., June 1, 2007; 282(22): 16042 - 16053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. P. Simons, J. M. Moore, T. J. Kemp, and T. S. Griffith Identification of the Mycobacterial Subcomponents Involved in the Release of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand from Human Neutrophils Infect. Immun., March 1, 2007; 75(3): 1265 - 1271. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-P. Puissegur, G. Lay, M. Gilleron, L. Botella, J. Nigou, H. Marrakchi, B. Mari, J.-L. Duteyrat, Y. Guerardel, L. Kremer, et al. Mycobacterial Lipomannan Induces Granuloma Macrophage Fusion via a TLR2-Dependent, ADAM9- and beta1 Integrin-Mediated Pathway J. Immunol., March 1, 2007; 178(5): 3161 - 3169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Bagchi, E. A. Herrup, H. S. Warren, J. Trigilio, H.-S. Shin, C. Valentine, and J. Hellman MyD88-Dependent and MyD88-Independent Pathways in Synergy, Priming, and Tolerance between TLR Agonists J. Immunol., January 15, 2007; 178(2): 1164 - 1171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. S. Patole, R. D. Pawar, M. Lech, D. Zecher, H. Schmidt, S. Segerer, A. Ellwart, A. Henger, M. Kretzler, and H.-J. Anders Expression and regulation of Toll-like receptors in lupus-like immune complex glomerulonephritis of MRL-Fas(lpr) mice Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., November 1, 2006; 21(11): 3062 - 3073. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Yadav and J. S. Schorey The beta-glucan receptor dectin-1 functions together with TLR2 to mediate macrophage activation by mycobacteria Blood, November 1, 2006; 108(9): 3168 - 3175. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. E. Rojas, J. J. Thomas, A. J. Gehring, P. J. Hill, J. T. Belisle, C. V. Harding, and W. H. Boom Phosphatidylinositol Mannoside from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Binds {alpha}5beta1 Integrin (VLA-5) on CD4+ T Cells and Induces Adhesion to Fibronectin. J. Immunol., September 1, 2006; 177(5): 2959 - 2968. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Sweet and J. S. Schorey Glycopeptidolipids from Mycobacterium avium promote macrophage activation in a TLR2- and MyD88-dependent manner J. Leukoc. Biol., August 1, 2006; 80(2): 415 - 423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. B. Torrelles, A. K. Azad, and L. S. Schlesinger Fine Discrimination in the Recognition of Individual Species of Phosphatidyl-myo-Inositol Mannosides from Mycobacterium tuberculosis by C-Type Lectin Pattern Recognition Receptors J. Immunol., August 1, 2006; 177(3): 1805 - 1816. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. B. Patrone, S. E. Bish, and D. C. Stein TNF-{alpha}-Independent IL-8 Expression: Alterations in Bacterial Challenge Dose Cause Differential Human Monocytic Cytokine Response J. Immunol., July 15, 2006; 177(2): 1314 - 1322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. D. Pecora, A. J. Gehring, D. H. Canaday, W. H. Boom, and C. V. Harding Mycobacterium tuberculosis LprA Is a Lipoprotein Agonist of TLR2 That Regulates Innate Immunity and APC Function J. Immunol., July 1, 2006; 177(1): 422 - 429. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. E. Medvedev, I. Sabroe, J. D. Hasday, and S. N. Vogel Invited review: Tolerance to microbial TLR ligands: molecular mechanisms and relevance to disease Innate Immunity, June 1, 2006; 12(3): 133 - 150. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. A. Pioli, L. K. Weaver, T. M. Schaefer, J. A. Wright, C. R. Wira, and P. M. Guyre Lipopolysaccharide-Induced IL-1beta Production by Human Uterine Macrophages Up-Regulates Uterine Epithelial Cell Expression of Human beta-Defensin 2. J. Immunol., June 1, 2006; 176(11): 6647 - 6655. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-S. Chang, J. F. Huggett, K. Dheda, L. U. Kim, A. Zumla, and G. A. W. Rook Myobacterium tuberculosis Induces Selective Up-Regulation of TLRs in the Mononuclear Leukocytes of Patients with Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis. J. Immunol., March 1, 2006; 176(5): 3010 - 3018. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Banaiee, E. Z. Kincaid, U. Buchwald, W. R. Jacobs Jr., and J. D. Ernst Potent Inhibition of Macrophage Responses to IFN-{gamma} by Live Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Independent of Mature Mycobacterial Lipoproteins but Dependent on TLR2. J. Immunol., March 1, 2006; 176(5): 3019 - 3027. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Hong, S. Sang, H.-J. Park, S. J. Kwon, N. Suh, M.-T. Huang, C.-T. Ho, and C. S. Yang Modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism and nitric oxide synthesis by garcinol and its derivatives Carcinogenesis, February 1, 2006; 27(2): 278 - 286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. H. Han, J. H. Kim, H. S. Seo, M. H. Martin, G.-H. Chung, S. M. Michalek, and M. H. Nahm Lipoteichoic Acid-Induced Nitric Oxide Production Depends on the Activation of Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor and Jak2 J. Immunol., January 1, 2006; 176(1): 573 - 579. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Bafica, C. A. Scanga, C. G. Feng, C. Leifer, A. Cheever, and A. Sher TLR9 regulates Th1 responses and cooperates with TLR2 in mediating optimal resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis J. Exp. Med., December 19, 2005; 202(12): 1715 - 1724. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. D. Tachado, J. Zhang, J. Zhu, N. Patel, and H. Koziel HIV Impairs TNF-{alpha} Release in Response to Toll-Like Receptor 4 Stimulation in Human Macrophages In Vitro Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., December 1, 2005; 33(6): 610 - 621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Ito, I. Kawamura, C. Kohda, K. Tsuchiya, T. Nomura, and M. Mitsuyama Seeligeriolysin O, a protein toxin of Listeria seeligeri, stimulates macrophage cytokine production via Toll-like receptors in a profile different from that induced by other bacterial ligands Int. Immunol., December 1, 2005; 17(12): 1597 - 1606. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. R. Wahl, N. J. Goetsch, H. J. Young, R. J. Van Maanen, J. D. Johnson, A. S. Pea, and A. Brittingham Murine Macrophages Produce Endothelin-1 After Microbial Stimulation Experimental Biology and Medicine, October 1, 2005; 230(9): 652 - 658. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Roura-Mir, L. Wang, T.-Y. Cheng, I. Matsunaga, C. C. Dascher, S. L. Peng, M. J. Fenton, C. Kirschning, and D. B. Moody Mycobacterium tuberculosis Regulates CD1 Antigen Presentation Pathways through TLR-2 J. Immunol., August 1, 2005; 175(3): 1758 - 1766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Bulut, K. S. Michelsen, L. Hayrapetian, Y. Naiki, R. Spallek, M. Singh, and M. Arditi Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Heat Shock Proteins Use Diverse Toll-like Receptor Pathways to Activate Pro-inflammatory Signals J. Biol. Chem., June 3, 2005; 280(22): 20961 - 20967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. C. Parker, M. K. B. Whyte, S. K. Dower, and I. Sabroe The expression and roles of Toll-like receptors in the biology of the human neutrophil J. Leukoc. Biol., June 1, 2005; 77(6): 886 - 892. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. E. Geisel, K. Sakamoto, D. G. Russell, and E. R. Rhoades In Vivo Activity of Released Cell Wall Lipids of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Is Due Principally to Trehalose Mycolates J. Immunol., April 15, 2005; 174(8): 5007 - 5015. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Sendide, N. E. Reiner, J. S. I. Lee, S. Bourgoin, A. Talal, and Z. Hmama Cross-Talk between CD14 and Complement Receptor 3 Promotes Phagocytosis of Mycobacteria: Regulation by Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and Cytohesin-1 J. Immunol., April 1, 2005; 174(7): 4210 - 4219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. J. Johnson, T. T. T. Le, C. A. Dobbin, T. Banovic, C. B. Howard, F. d. M. L. Flores, D. Vanags, D. J. Naylor, G. R. Hill, and A. Suhrbier Heat Shock Protein 10 Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-induced Inflammatory Mediator Production J. Biol. Chem., February 11, 2005; 280(6): 4037 - 4047. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H. Kim, H. Seo, S. H. Han, J. Lin, M.-K. Park, U. B. S. Sorensen, and M. H. Nahm Monoacyl Lipoteichoic Acid from Pneumococci Stimulates Human Cells but Not Mouse Cells Infect. Immun., February 1, 2005; 73(2): 834 - 840. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. W. Wieland, S. Knapp, S. Florquin, A. F. de Vos, K. Takeda, S. Akira, D. T. Golenbock, A. Verbon, and T. van der Poll Non-Mannose-capped Lipoarabinomannan Induces Lung Inflammation via Toll-like Receptor 2 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., December 15, 2004; 170(12): 1367 - 1374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Nicolle, C. Fremond, X. Pichon, A. Bouchot, I. Maillet, B. Ryffel, and V. J. F. Quesniaux Long-Term Control of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Infection in the Absence of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs): Investigation of TLR2-, TLR6-, or TLR2-TLR4-Deficient Mice Infect. Immun., December 1, 2004; 72(12): 6994 - 7004. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Glezer and S. Rivest Glucocorticoids: Protectors of the Brain during Innate Immune Responses Neuroscientist, December 1, 2004; 10(6): 538 - 552. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. P. Turrin and S. Rivest Unraveling the Molecular Details Involved in the Intimate Link between the Immune and Neuroendocrine Systems Experimental Biology and Medicine, November 1, 2004; 229(10): 996 - 1006. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Triantafilou, M. Manukyan, A. Mackie, S. Morath, T. Hartung, H. Heine, and K. Triantafilou Lipoteichoic Acid and Toll-like Receptor 2 Internalization and Targeting to the Golgi Are Lipid Raft-dependent J. Biol. Chem., September 24, 2004; 279(39): 40882 - 40889. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Jang, S. Uematsu, S. Akira, and P. Salgame IL-6 and IL-10 Induction from Dendritic Cells in Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Predominantly Dependent on TLR2-Mediated Recognition J. Immunol., September 1, 2004; 173(5): 3392 - 3397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Armstrong, A. R. L. Medford, K. M. Uppington, J. Robertson, I. R. Witherden, T. D. Tetley, and A. B. Millar Expression of Functional Toll-Like Receptor-2 and -4 on Alveolar Epithelial Cells Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., August 1, 2004; 31(2): 241 - 245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Bafica, C. A. Scanga, M. Schito, D. Chaussabel, and A. Sher Influence of Coinfecting Pathogens on HIV Expression: Evidence for a Role of Toll-Like Receptors J. Immunol., June 15, 2004; 172(12): 7229 - 7234. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Luo, X. Ma, S. M. Wahl, J. J. Bieker, M. Crossley, and L. J. Montaner Activation and Repression of Interleukin-12 p40 Transcription by Erythroid Kruppel-like Factor in Macrophages J. Biol. Chem., April 30, 2004; 279(18): 18451 - 18456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. C. Parker, M. K. B. Whyte, S. N. Vogel, S. K. Dower, and I. Sabroe Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 Agonists Regulate CCR Expression in Human Monocytic Cells J. Immunol., April 15, 2004; 172(8): 4977 - 4986. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Scanga, A. Bafica, C. G. Feng, A. W. Cheever, S. Hieny, and A. Sher MyD88-Deficient Mice Display a Profound Loss in Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Associated with Partially Impaired Th1 Cytokine and Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 Expression Infect. Immun., April 1, 2004; 72(4): 2400 - 2404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Frossi, M. De Carli, and C. Pucillo The mast cell: an antenna of the microenvironment that directs the immune response J. Leukoc. Biol., April 1, 2004; 75(4): 579 - 585. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Darieva, E. B. Lasunskaia, M. N. N. Campos, T. L. Kipnis, and W. D. da Silva Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase cascades enhances NF-{kappa}B-dependent gene transcription in BCG-stimulated macrophages through promotion of p65/p300 binding J. Leukoc. Biol., April 1, 2004; 75(4): 689 - 697. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. J. Quesniaux, D. M. Nicolle, D. Torres, L. Kremer, Y. Guerardel, J. Nigou, G. Puzo, F. Erard, and B. Ryffel Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2)-Dependent-Positive and TLR2-Independent-Negative Regulation of Proinflammatory Cytokines by Mycobacterial Lipomannans J. Immunol., April 1, 2004; 172(7): 4425 - 4434. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Lotz, E. Aga, I. Wilde, G. van Zandbergen, T. Hartung, W. Solbach, and T. Laskay Highly purified lipoteichoic acid activates neutrophil granulocytes and delays their spontaneous apoptosis via CD14 and TLR2 J. Leukoc. Biol., March 1, 2004; 75(3): 467 - 477. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. B. Drennan, D. Nicolle, V. J. F. Quesniaux, M. Jacobs, N. Allie, J. Mpagi, C. Fremond, H. Wagner, C. Kirschning, and B. Ryffel Toll-Like Receptor 2-Deficient Mice Succumb to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2004; 164(1): 49 - 57. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. R. Alvarez, B. S. Zwilling, and W. P. Lafuse Mycobacterium avium Inhibition of IFN-{gamma} Signaling in Mouse Macrophages: Toll-Like Receptor 2 Stimulation Increases Expression of Dominant-Negative STAT1{beta} by mRNA Stabilization J. Immunol., December 15, 2003; 171(12): 6766 - 6773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. J. Hurwitz, L. Pincus, and T. S. Kupper Imiquimod: A Topically Applied Link Between Innate and Acquired Immunity Arch Dermatol, October 1, 2003; 139(10): 1347 - 1350. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Li and B. J. Cherayil Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Macrophage Activation and Tolerance during Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection Infect. Immun., September 1, 2003; 71(9): 4873 - 4882. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Vignal, Y. Guerardel, L. Kremer, M. Masson, D. Legrand, J. Mazurier, and E. Elass Lipomannans, But Not Lipoarabinomannans, Purified from Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium kansasii Induce TNF-{alpha} and IL-8 Secretion by a CD14-Toll-Like Receptor 2-Dependent Mechanism J. Immunol., August 15, 2003; 171(4): 2014 - 2023. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Gilleron, V. F. J. Quesniaux, and G. Puzo Acylation State of the Phosphatidylinositol Hexamannosides from Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guerin and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and Its Implication in Toll-like Receptor Response J. Biol. Chem., August 8, 2003; 278(32): 29880 - 29889. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Gehring, R. E. Rojas, D. H. Canaday, D. L. Lakey, C. V. Harding, and W. H. Boom The Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-Kilodalton Lipoprotein Inhibits Gamma Interferon-Regulated HLA-DR and Fc{gamma}R1 on Human Macrophages through Toll-Like Receptor 2 Infect. Immun., August 1, 2003; 71(8): 4487 - 4497. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. A. Heldwein, M. D. Liang, T. K. Andresen, K. E. Thomas, A. M. Marty, N. Cuesta, S. N. Vogel, and M. J. Fenton TLR2 and TLR4 serve distinct roles in the host immune response against Mycobacterium bovis BCG J. Leukoc. Biol., August 1, 2003; 74(2): 277 - 286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Bafica, C. A. Scanga, M. L. Schito, S. Hieny, and A. Sher Cutting Edge: In Vivo Induction of Integrated HIV-1 Expression by Mycobacteria Is Critically Dependent on Toll-Like Receptor 2 J. Immunol., August 1, 2003; 171(3): 1123 - 1127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. M. Paterson, T. J. Murphy, E. J. Purcell, O. Shelley, S. J. Kriynovich, E. Lien, J. A. Mannick, and J. A. Lederer Injury Primes the Innate Immune System for Enhanced Toll-Like Receptor Reactivity J. Immunol., August 1, 2003; 171(3): 1473 - 1483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. B. Mizel, A. N. Honko, M. A. Moors, P. S. Smith, and A. P. West Induction of Macrophage Nitric Oxide Production by Gram-Negative Flagellin Involves Signaling Via Heteromeric Toll-Like Receptor 5/Toll-Like Receptor 4 Complexes J. Immunol., June 15, 2003; 170(12): 6217 - 6223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Toshchakov, B. W. Jones, A. Lentschat, A. Silva, P.-Y. Perera, K. Thomas, M. J. Cody, Shuling Zhang, B. R.G. Williams, J. Major, et al. TLR2 and TLR4 agonists stimulate unique repertoires of host resistance genes in murine macrophages: interferon-{beta}-dependent signaling in TLR4-mediated responses Innate Immunity, June 1, 2003; 9(3): 169 - 175. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Lee, T.-H. Chuang, V. Redecke, L. She, P. M. Pitha, D. A. Carson, E. Raz, and H. B. Cottam Molecular basis for the immunostimulatory activity of guanine nucleoside analogs: Activation of Toll-like receptor 7 PNAS, May 27, 2003; 100(11): 6646 - 6651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Equils, M. L. Schito, H. Karahashi, Z. Madak, A. Yarali, K. S. Michelsen, A. Sher, and M. Arditi Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR9 Signaling Results in HIV-Long Terminal Repeat Trans-Activation and HIV Replication in HIV-1 Transgenic Mouse Spleen Cells: Implications of Simultaneous Activation of TLRs on HIV Replication J. Immunol., May 15, 2003; 170(10): 5159 - 5164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P.-Y. Bochud, T. R. Hawn, and A. Aderem Cutting Edge: A Toll-Like Receptor 2 Polymorphism That Is Associated with Lepromatous Leprosy Is Unable to Mediate Mycobacterial Signaling J. Immunol., April 1, 2003; 170(7): 3451 - 3454. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. McCurdy, T. J. Olynych, L. H. Maher, and J. S. Marshall Cutting Edge: Distinct Toll-Like Receptor 2 Activators Selectively Induce Different Classes of Mediator Production from Human Mast Cells J. Immunol., February 15, 2003; 170(4): 1625 - 1629. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Hart, D. A. Mosier, and S. K. Chapes Toll-Like Receptor 4-Positive Macrophages Protect Mice from Pasteurella pneumotropica-Induced Pneumonia Infect. Immun., February 1, 2003; 71(2): 663 - 670. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Melmed, L. S. Thomas, N. Lee, S. Y. Tesfay, K. Lukasek, K. S. Michelsen, Y. Zhou, B. Hu, M. Arditi, and M. T. Abreu Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells Are Broadly Unresponsive to Toll-Like Receptor 2-Dependent Bacterial Ligands: Implications for Host-Microbial Interactions in the Gut J. Immunol., February 1, 2003; 170(3): 1406 - 1415. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Dobrovolskaia, A. E. Medvedev, K. E. Thomas, N. Cuesta, V. Toshchakov, T. Ren, M. J. Cody, S. M. Michalek, N. R. Rice, and S. N. Vogel Induction of In Vitro Reprogramming by Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 Agonists in Murine Macrophages: Effects of TLR "Homotolerance" Versus "Heterotolerance" on NF-{kappa}B Signaling Pathway Components J. Immunol., January 1, 2003; 170(1): 508 - 519. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. K. Brint, K. A. Fitzgerald, P. Smith, A. J. Coyle, J.-C. Gutierrez-Ramos, P. G. Fallon, and L. A. J. O'Neill Characterization of Signaling Pathways Activated by the Interleukin 1 (IL-1) Receptor Homologue T1/ST2. A ROLE FOR JUN N-TERMINAL KINASE IN IL-4 INDUCTION J. Biol. Chem., December 13, 2002; 277(51): 49205 - 49211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Schilling, K. Thomas, K. Nixdorff, S. N. Vogel, and M. J. Fenton Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Toll-IL-1 Receptor Domain-Containing Adapter Protein (TIRAP)/Myeloid Differentiation Protein 88 Adapter-Like (Mal) Contribute to Maximal IL-6 Expression in Macrophages J. Immunol., November 15, 2002; 169(10): 5874 - 5880. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Horton, S. Boodoo, and J. D. Powell NF-kappa B Activation Mediates the Cross-talk between Extracellular Matrix and Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma ) Leading to Enhanced Monokine Induced by IFN-gamma (MIG) Expression in Macrophages J. Biol. Chem., November 8, 2002; 277(46): 43757 - 43762. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. E. Medvedev, A. Lentschat, L. M. Wahl, D. T. Golenbock, and S. N. Vogel Dysregulation of LPS-Induced Toll-Like Receptor 4-MyD88 Complex Formation and IL-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 1 Activation in Endotoxin-Tolerant Cells J. Immunol., November 1, 2002; 169(9): 5209 - 5216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D. Edwards, S. P. Manickasingham, R. Sporri, S. S. Diebold, O. Schulz, A. Sher, T. Kaisho, S. Akira, and C. Reis e Sousa Microbial Recognition Via Toll-Like Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Pathways Determines the Cytokine Response of Murine Dendritic Cell Subsets to CD40 Triggering J. Immunol., October 1, 2002; 169(7): 3652 - 3660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Abel, N. Thieblemont, V. J. F. Quesniaux, N. Brown, J. Mpagi, K. Miyake, F. Bihl, and B. Ryffel Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression Is Required to Control Chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Mice J. Immunol., September 15, 2002; 169(6): 3155 - 3162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Blumenthal, S. Ehlers, M. Ernst, H.-D. Flad, and N. Reiling Control of Mycobacterial Replication in Human Macrophages: Roles of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases 1 and 2 and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways Infect. Immun., September 1, 2002; 70(9): 4961 - 4967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Applequist, R. P. A. Wallin, and H.-G. Ljunggren Variable expression of Toll-like receptor in murine innate and adaptive immune cell lines Int. Immunol., September 1, 2002; 14(9): 1065 - 1074. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Guha and N. Mackman The Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Akt Pathway Limits Lipopolysaccharide Activation of Signaling Pathways and Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Human Monocytic Cells J. Biol. Chem., August 23, 2002; 277(35): 32124 - 32132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Wang, W. P. Lafuse, K. Takeda, S. Akira, and B. S. Zwilling Rapid Chromatin Remodeling of Toll-Like Receptor 2 Promoter During Infection of Macrophages with Mycobacterium avium J. Immunol., July 15, 2002; 169(2): 795 - 801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Haehnel, L. Schwarzfischer, M. J. Fenton, and M. Rehli Transcriptional Regulation of the Human Toll-Like Receptor 2 Gene in Monocytes and Macrophages J. Immunol., June 1, 2002; 168(11): 5629 - 5637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. S. Carl, K. Brown-Steinke, M. J. H. Nicklin, and M. F. Smith Jr. Toll-like Receptor 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4) Agonists Differentially Regulate Secretory Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Gene Expression in Macrophages J. Biol. Chem., May 10, 2002; 277(20): 17448 - 17456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. G. Yipp, G. Andonegui, C. J. Howlett, S. M. Robbins, T. Hartung, M. Ho, and P. Kubes Profound Differences in Leukocyte-Endothelial Cell Responses to Lipopolysaccharide Versus Lipoteichoic Acid J. Immunol., May 1, 2002; 168(9): 4650 - 4658. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Martin, J. Katz, S. N. Vogel, and S. M. Michalek Differential Induction of Endotoxin Tolerance by Lipopolysaccharides Derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis and Escherichia coli J. Immunol., November 1, 2001; 167(9): 5278 - 5285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B W Jones, K A Heldwein, T K Means, J J Saukkonen, and M J Fenton Differential roles of Toll-like receptors in the elicitation of proinflammatory responses by macrophages Ann Rheum Dis, November 1, 2001; 60(90003): iii6 - 12. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Trogan, R. P. Choudhury, H. M. Dansky, J. X. Rong, J. L. Breslow, and E. A. Fisher Laser capture microdissection analysis of gene expression in macrophages from atherosclerotic lesions of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice PNAS, February 19, 2002; 99(4): 2234 - 2239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
