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(Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2001;69:449-457.)
© 2001 by Society for Leukocyte Biology

Dietary fatty acids influence the production of Th1- but not Th2-type cytokines

Fiona A. Wallace, Elizabeth A. Miles, Carl Evans, Theresa E. Stock, Parveen Yaqoob and Philip C. Calder

Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton, United Kingdom

Correspondence: Philip C. Calder, Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton, Basset Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK. E-mail: pcc{at}soton.ac.uk

C57Bl6 mice were fed for 6 weeks on a low-fat diet or on high-fat diets containing coconut oil (rich in saturated fatty acids), safflower oil [rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)], or fish oil (rich in n-3 PUFAs) as the main fat sources. The fatty acid composition of the spleen lymphocytes was influenced by that of the diet fed. Thymidine incorporation into concanavalin A-stimulated spleen lymphocytes and interleukin (IL)-2 production were highest after feeding the coconut oil diet. Interferon (IFN)-{gamma} production was decreased by safflower oil or fish oil feeding. IL-4 production was not significantly affected by diet, although production was lowest by lymphocytes from fish oil-fed mice. The ratio of production of Th1- to Th2-type cytokines (determined as the IFN-{gamma}/IL-4 ratio) was lower for lymphocytes from mice fed the safflower oil or fish oil diets. After 4 h of culture, IL-2 mRNA levels were higher in cells from mice fed coconut oil, and IFN-{gamma} mRNA levels were higher in cells from mice fed coconut oil or safflower oil. After 8 h of culture, IL-2, IFN-{gamma}, and IL-4 mRNA levels were lowest in cells from mice fed fish oil. The ratio of the relative levels of IFN-{gamma} mRNA to IL-4 mRNA was highest in cells from mice fed coconut oil and was lowest in cells of mice fed fish oil. The influence of individual fatty acids on IL-2 production by murine spleen lymphocytes was examined in vitro. Although all fatty acids decreased IL-2 production in a concentration-dependent manner, saturated fatty acids were the least potent and n-3 PUFAs the most potent inhibitors, with n-6 PUFAs falling in between in terms of potency. It is concluded that saturated fatty acids have minimal effects on cytokine production. In contrast, PUFAs act to inhibit production of Th1-type cytokines with little effect on Th2-type cytokines; n-3 PUFAs are particularly potent. The effects of fatty acids on cytokine production appear to be exerted at the level of gene expression.

Key Words: interleukin • interferon • lymphocyte • T-helper cell • fish oil • polyunsaturated fatty acid • mouse




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