Amgen Institute/Ontario Cancer Institute, Departments of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Correspondence: Josef Penninger, Amgen Institute/Ontario Cancer Institute, Departments of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, University of Toronto, 620 Toronto Ave., Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1. E-mail: jpenning{at}amgen.com
Engagement of antigen receptors on T and B cells triggers reorganization of the cytoskeleton and ordered clustering of cell surface receptors. These receptor clusters constitute spatially organized signaling machines and form the immune synapse with antigen-presenting cells. Formation of supramolecular activation clusters appear to be essential to induce functional lymphocyte responses and have been implicated as molecular mechanisms of costimulation. The Vav1-Rho-GTPase-WASP pathway constitutes a molecular motor that relays antigen receptor stimulation to changes in the cytoskeleton and receptor clustering.
Key Words: lymphocytes • actin • Vav • cytoskeleton • T-cell activation • immune synapse
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