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Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Injury Sciences, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark
Correspondence: Gill Diamond, Ph.D., Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Injury Sciences, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave., Newark, NJ 07103. E-mail: gdiamond{at}umdnj.edu
Antimicrobial peptides are a prevalent mechanism of host defense found
throughout nature. In mammals, defensins are among the most abundant of
these broad-spectrum antibiotics, and are expressed in epithelial and
hematopoietic cells. The defensin peptides are especially abundant in
neutrophils; however, gene expression is limited to the promyelocyte
stage. In epithelial cells, defensin genes are found as both
constitutively expressed and inducible. Induction has been observed
in vitro by stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide
as well as inflammatory mediators. In vivo, up-regulation
of several defensin genes occurs in both infectious and inflammatory
states. Gene regulation occurs via signal transduction pathways common
to other innate immune responses, utilizing transcription factors such
as nuclear factor (NF)-
B and NF interleukin-6. Together, the data
suggest a broad-based innate host defense whereby potent antimicrobial
peptides are present to prevent initial colonization by pathogenic
microorganisms. In addition, the recognition of bacteria coupled with a
nascent inflammatory response can bolster this defense by a coordinated
up-regulation of the peptides.
Key Words: antimicrobial peptides • host defense • innate immunity
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