* Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine; and
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
Correspondence: Robert M. Strieter, M.D., Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Room 37-131B, CHS, Box 951690, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095-1690. E-mail: rstrieter{at}mednet.ucla.edu
A variety of factors have been identified that regulate angiogenesis, including the CXC chemokine family. The CXC chemokines are a unique family of cytokines for their ability to behave in a disparate manner in the regulation of angiogenesis. CXC chemokines have four highly conserved cysteine amino acid residues, with the first two cysteine amino acid residues separated by one non-conserved amino acid residue (i.e., CXC). A second structural domain within this family determines their angiogenic potential. The NH2 terminus of the majority of the CXC chemokines contains three amino acid residues (Glu-Leu-Arg: the ELR motif), which precedes the first cysteine amino acid residue of the primary structure of these cytokines. Members that contain the ELR motif (ELR+) are potent promoters of angiogenesis. In contrast, members that are inducible by interferons and lack the ELR motif (ELR-) are potent inhibitors of angiogenesis. This difference in angiogenic activity may impact on the pathogenesis of a variety of disorders.
Key Words: cytokines • neovascularization • wound repair • tumorigenesis • tumor metastasis
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R. J. Phillips, M. D. Burdick, M. Lutz, J. A. Belperio, M. P. Keane, and R. M. Strieter The Stromal Derived Factor-1/CXCL12-CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 Biological Axis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Metastases Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., June 15, 2003; 167(12): 1676 - 1686. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. L. Curtis and A. Punturieri Enhancing Antitumor Immunity Perioperatively: A Matter of Timing, Cooperation, and Specificity Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., May 1, 2003; 28(5): 541 - 545. [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Mukaida Pathophysiological roles of interleukin-8/CXCL8 in pulmonary diseases Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, April 1, 2003; 284(4): L566 - L577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G.-H. Fan, L. A. Lapierre, J. R. Goldenring, and A. Richmond Differential regulation of CXCR2 trafficking by Rab GTPases Blood, March 15, 2003; 101(6): 2115 - 2124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Cole, M. Krockenberger, F. Stapleton, S. Khan, E. Hume, A. J. Husband, and M. Willcox Experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis in Interleukin-10 Gene Knockout Mice Infect. Immun., March 1, 2003; 71(3): 1328 - 1336. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. G. Kallapur, A. H. Jobe, M. Ikegami, and C. J. Bachurski Increased IP-10 and MIG Expression after Intra-amniotic Endotoxin in Preterm Lamb Lung Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., March 1, 2003; 167(5): 779 - 786. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Heidemann, H. Ogawa, M. B. Dwinell, P. Rafiee, C. Maaser, H. R. Gockel, M. F. Otterson, D. M. Ota, N. Lugering, W. Domschke, et al. Angiogenic Effects of Interleukin 8 (CXCL8) in Human Intestinal Microvascular Endothelial Cells Are Mediated by CXCR2 J. Biol. Chem., February 28, 2003; 278(10): 8508 - 8515. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Watari, H. Watari, T. Fujimoto, H. Yamada, J. Nishihira, J. f. Strauss III, and S. Fujimoto Lipopolysaccharide Induces Interleukin-8 Production By Human Cervical Smooth Muscle Cells Reproductive Sciences, February 1, 2003; 10(2): 110 - 117. [Abstract] [PDF]
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C. J. Scotton, J. L. Wilson, K. Scott, G. Stamp, G. D. Wilbanks, S. Fricker, G. Bridger, and F. R. Balkwill Multiple Actions of the Chemokine CXCL12 on Epithelial Tumor Cells in Human Ovarian Cancer Cancer Res., October 15, 2002; 62(20): 5930 - 5938. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. S. Bendre, D. Gaddy-Kurten, T. Mon-Foote, N. S. Akel, R. A. Skinner, R. W. Nicholas, and L. J. Suva Expression of Interleukin 8 and not Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein by Human Breast Cancer Cells Correlates with Bone Metastasis in Vivo Cancer Res., October 1, 2002; 62(19): 5571 - 5579. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Hellmuth, C. Wetzler, M. Nold, J.-H. Chang, S. Frank, J. Pfeilschifter, and H. Muhl Expression of interleukin-8, heme oxygenase-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in DLD-1 colon carcinoma cells exposed to pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate Carcinogenesis, August 1, 2002; 23(8): 1273 - 1279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. X.-M. Zhao, Y. Hu, G. G. Miller, A. D. Luster, R. N. Mitchell, and P. Libby Differential Expression of the IFN-{gamma}-Inducible CXCR3-Binding Chemokines, IFN-Inducible Protein 10, Monokine Induced by IFN, and IFN-Inducible T Cell {alpha} Chemoattractant in Human Cardiac Allografts: Association with Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy and Acute Rejection J. Immunol., August 1, 2002; 169(3): 1556 - 1560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Dhawan and A. Richmond Role of CXCL1 in tumorigenesis of melanoma J. Leukoc. Biol., July 1, 2002; 72(1): 9 - 18. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. B. LENTSCH The Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines (DARC) and prostate cancer. A role as clear as black and white? FASEB J, July 1, 2002; 16(9): 1093 - 1095. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Barchowsky, N. V. Soucy, K. A. O'Hara, J. Hwa, T. L. Noreault, and A. S. Andrew A Novel Pathway for Nickel-induced Interleukin-8 Expression J. Biol. Chem., June 28, 2002; 277(27): 24225 - 24231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Scapini, L. Nesi, M. Morini, E. Tanghetti, M. Belleri, D. Noonan, M. Presta, A. Albini, and M. A. Cassatella Generation of Biologically Active Angiostatin Kringle 1-3 by Activated Human Neutrophils J. Immunol., June 1, 2002; 168(11): 5798 - 5804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Wakasugi, B. M. Slike, J. Hood, K. L. Ewalt, D. A. Cheresh, and P. Schimmel Induction of Angiogenesis by a Fragment of Human Tyrosyl-tRNA Synthetase J. Biol. Chem., May 31, 2002; 277(23): 20124 - 20126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. S. Cheng, N. W. Lukacs, and S. L. Kunkel Eotaxin/CCL11 Suppresses IL-8/CXCL8 Secretion from Human Dermal Microvascular Endothelial Cells J. Immunol., March 15, 2002; 168(6): 2887 - 2894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. J. Margetts, S. Gyorffy, M. Kolb, L. Yu, C. M. Hoff, C. J. Holmes, and J. Gauldie Antiangiogenic and Antifibrotic Gene Therapy in a Chronic Infusion Model of Peritoneal Dialysis in Rats J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2002; 13(3): 721 - 728. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G.-H. Fan, W. Yang, J. Sai, and A. Richmond Hsc/Hsp70 Interacting Protein (Hip) Associates with CXCR2 and Regulates the Receptor Signaling and Trafficking J. Biol. Chem., February 15, 2002; 277(8): 6590 - 6597. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Azenshtein, G. Luboshits, S. Shina, E. Neumark, D. Shahbazian, M. Weil, N. Wigler, I. Keydar, and A. Ben-Baruch The CC Chemokine RANTES in Breast Carcinoma Progression: Regulation of Expression and Potential Mechanisms of Promalignant Activity Cancer Res., February 1, 2002; 62(4): 1093 - 1102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. L. Bone-Larson, C. M. Hogaboam, H. Evanhoff, R. M. Strieter, and S. L. Kunkel IFN-{gamma}-Inducible Protein-10 (CXCL10) Is Hepatoprotective During Acute Liver Injury Through the Induction of CXCR2 on Hepatocytes J. Immunol., December 15, 2001; 167(12): 7077 - 7083. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. W. Shepard, M. Yang, P. Xie, D. D. Browning, T. Voyno-Yasenetskaya, T. Kozasa, and R. D. Ye Constitutive Activation of NF-kappa B and Secretion of Interleukin-8 Induced by the G Protein-coupled Receptor of Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus Involve Galpha 13 and RhoA J. Biol. Chem., November 30, 2001; 276(49): 45979 - 45987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Crowther, N. J. Brown, E. T. Bishop, and C. E. Lewis Microenvironmental influence on macrophage regulation of angiogenesis in wounds and malignant tumors J. Leukoc. Biol., October 1, 2001; 70(4): 478 - 490. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Van Coillie, I. Van Aelst, A. Wuyts, R. Vercauteren, R. Devos, C. De Wolf-Peeters, J. Van Damme, and G. Opdenakker Tumor Angiogenesis Induced by Granulocyte Chemotactic Protein-2 as a Countercurrent Principle Am. J. Pathol., October 1, 2001; 159(4): 1405 - 1414. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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R. Masood, J. Cai, A. Tulpule, T. Zheng, A. Hamilton, S. Sharma, B. M. Espina, D. L. Smith, and P. S. Gill Interleukin 8 Is an Autocrine Growth Factor and a Surrogate Marker for Kaposi's Sarcoma Clin. Cancer Res., September 1, 2001; 7(9): 2693 - 2702. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Burns, A. J. Thrasher, M. P. Blundell, L. Machesky, and G. E. Jones Configuration of human dendritic cell cytoskeleton by Rho GTPases, the WAS protein, and differentiation Blood, August 15, 2001; 98(4): 1142 - 1149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. Cole, T. Ganz, A. M. Liese, M. D. Burdick, L. Liu, and R. M. Strieter Cutting Edge: IFN-Inducible ELR- CXC Chemokines Display Defensin-Like Antimicrobial Activity J. Immunol., July 15, 2001; 167(2): 623 - 627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Yoshizaki, T. Horikawa, R. Qing-chun, N. Wakisaka, H. Takeshita, T.-S. Sheen, S.-Y. Lee, H. Sato, and M. Furukawa Induction of Interleukin-8 by Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein-1 and Its Correlation to Angiogenesis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Clin. Cancer Res., July 1, 2001; 7(7): 1946 - 1951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Yang, H. Sang, A. Rahman, D. Wu, A. B. Malik, and R. D. Ye G{{alpha}}16 Couples Chemoattractant Receptors to NF-{{kappa}}B Activation J. Immunol., June 1, 2001; 166(11): 6885 - 6892. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Agostini, F. Calabrese, F. Rea, M. Facco, A. Tosoni, M. Loy, G. Binotto, M. Valente, L. Trentin, and G. Semenzato CXCR3 and Its Ligand CXCL10 Are Expressed by Inflammatory Cells Infiltrating Lung Allografts and Mediate Chemotaxis of T Cells at Sites of Rejection Am. J. Pathol., May 1, 2001; 158(5): 1703 - 1711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Gillitzer and M. Goebeler Chemokines in cutaneous wound healing J. Leukoc. Biol., April 1, 2001; 69(4): 513 - 521. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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